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国务院批转国家体改委1994年经济体制改革实施要点的通知

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国务院批转国家体改委1994年经济体制改革实施要点的通知

国务院


国务院批转国家体改委1994年经济体制改革实施要点的通知
国务院


各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府,国务院各部委、各直属机构:
国务院同意国家体改委《1994年经济体制改革实施要点》,现转发给你们,请结合本地区、本部门的实际情况认真贯彻。
党的十四届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于建立社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》,是进一步深化经济体制改革的行动纲领。今年的几项重大改革方案已经出台,从各方面保证这些改革措施真正落实,组织好整体改革的协调推进,在经济体制改革方面取得实质性进展,是重大而
艰巨的任务,必须下功夫认真抓好。抓住机遇,深化改革,扩大开放,促进发展,保持稳定,是今年全党和全国工作的大局,各项工作都要服从和服务于这个大局。各地区、各部门要进一步统一思想,转变观念,提高认识,认真处理好改革、发展、稳定三者之间的关系,抓住重点,加强协
作,搞好配套,精心组织,扎实工作,密切注意并及时研究解决改革过程中出现的新问题,确保各项改革任务的顺利完成。

附:1994年经济体制改革实施要点
根据《中共中央关于建立社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》)和国务院关于财税、金融、外贸、外汇体制等项改革的部署,1994年经济体制改革的重点:一是转换国有企业经营机制,积极探索建立现代企业制度的有效途径;二是加快财税、金融、外贸、外汇体
制改革。围绕这两个重点,配套推进其他方面的改革。
一、转换国有企业经营机制,积极探索建立现代企业制度的有效途径 1. 继续抓好转换国有企业经营机制工作,增强国有企业的活力。一是继续贯彻《中华人民共和国全民所有制工业企业法》和《全民所有制工业企业转换经营机制条例》,把企业的各项权利和责任真正落到实处。? 险婀岢埂吨谢嗣窆埠凸痉ā?以下简称《公司法》),抓好配套法规建设。二是加强国有资产的监督管理,保证国有资产保值增值。严格禁止将国有资产低价折股,低价出售,甚至无偿分配给个人。按照政府的社会经济管理职能和国有资产所有者职能分开的原则,探索国有资产管理? 途暮侠硇问接胪揪丁H羌绦罨笠的诓坷投⑷耸隆⒎峙渲贫雀母铮黄笠的诓烤芾砘啤K氖怯胁街琛⒂兄氐愕亟星宀俗剩拦雷什謇碚ㄕ瘢缍úǎ耸灯笠捣ㄈ瞬撇加昧俊N迨羌绦岢埂镀笠挡莆裢ㄔ颉贰ⅰ镀笠祷峒谱荚颉罚涌煜蚩蒲У摹⒎瞎
使呃钠笠挡莆窕峒浦贫裙伞A侨险嫜芯坎⒂兄氐愕赝咨平饩龉衅笠档睦钒ぃ剿鹘饩霾到峁共缓侠怼⒄窀旱3林亍⒅肮ど缁岜O辗鸦鄄蛔恪⑵笠蛋焐缁帷⒏挥嗳嗽惫嗟任侍獾木咛灏旆ǎ衅笠挡斡胧谐∑降染赫丛毂匾跫?
2. 国家将组织一批国有大中型企业,按照《公司法》的要求进行建立现代企业制度试点,探索建立产权清晰、责权明确、政企分开、管理科学的现代企业制度,积累经验,创造条件,逐步推进。
3. 新组建公司要严格按《公司法》规定进行。现有公司不具备《公司法》规定条件的,要按照有关规定依法规范。
新组建公司不是简单更换名称,也不是单纯为了筹集资金,而要着重于转换机制。要通过试点,逐步推行,绝不能搞形式主义,一哄而起。要防止把不具备条件的企业硬行改为公司。
二、深化财税、金融等管理体制改革,初步确立新型宏观调控体系的基础构架
4. 要按照《国务院关于实行分税制财政管理体制的决定》(国发〔1993〕85号)、《国务院批转国家税务总局工商税制改革实施方案的通知》(国发〔1993〕90号)、《国务院关于金融体制改革的决定》(国发〔1993〕91号)的原则和具体要求,深化财税、金融体制改革,初步确立新型宏? 鄣骺靥逑档幕」辜堋? 5. 根据《决定》要求,深化投资体制改革,逐步建立法人投资和银行信贷的风险责任,研究把竞争性项目推向市场的途径和办法。继续进行计划体制改革,进一步转变计划管理职能。计划工作要突出宏观性、战略性、政策性,把重点放到中长期计划上,综合协调宏观经济政策和经济? 芨说脑擞谩? 深化投融资体制改革,建立科学和严格的投融资决策责任制。努力办好国家开发银行,建立长期稳定的资金来源,筹集和引导社会资金用于国家重点建设,并且加强国家对固定资产投资的总量控制。
三、适时推进价格改革,继续发展商品市场,重点培育生产要素市场,建设统一、开放、竞争、有序的市场体系
6. 在保持价格总水平相对稳定的前提下,适时推进价格改革,进一步完善市场价格形成机制。逐步放开竞争性产品价格,合理调整政府定价产品和服务的价格,搞好生产资料价格并轨。价格改革要充分考虑国家、企业和群众的承受能力,要切实加强对居民基本生活必需品和服务价格? 募嗌螅娣都鄹裥形刂凭用窕旧畋匦杵泛头裣钅康募鄹裆险欠龋U先嗣裆畎捕ā? 7. 继续深化商品流通体制改革,促进国内市场的统一和开放。对大宗农产品、工业消费品和生产资料的批发市场,要完善市场的信息、服务功能和市场规则,健全市场秩序,加强市场管理,规范交易手段,提高交易效率。对期货市场的试点,要加强宏观管理,实行统一指导和监管;? 淳迹坏蒙米陨枇⑵诨踅灰姿?中心);加快期货交易立法步伐。
继续改革物资订货会制度,探索国家订货和远期合同制度,逐步取代指令性计划分配办法,进一步理顺生产资料的流通渠道。
尽快建立中央和地方的粮、棉、油、肉、糖储备制度,进一步完善储备管理、使用办法。尽快建立粮食和副食品风险基金,保证各项基金及时、足额到位。建立农副产品市场监控体系,强化农副产品信息网络建设。粮棉收购价格既要能够调动农民的生产积极性,又要考虑整个市场物价
的稳定,以加强国家对粮食的宏观调控和防止市场粮价出现大的波动为重点,进一步改革粮食购销体制。
8. 进一步改革劳动制度,稳步发展劳动力市场。结合产业结构和企业组织形式的调整,改革劳动就业和用工制度,着重创造用人单位与劳动者双向选择和劳动力合理流动的就业机制。完善就业服务体系,加强就业和转业培训,发展多种就业形式,加强区域劳务合作和相应的管理服务? 寂┐謇投τ行蛄鞫? 9. 推进土地使用制度改革,规范和发展城市房地产市场。国家垄断城镇土地一级市场,加强土地二级市场的管理。商业性建设用地的土地使用权要实行有偿有限期出让、转让,一般要采用公开招标、拍卖的方式。坚决清理取缔土地隐形市场。要切实保护耕地,严格控制农业用地转为? 桥┮涤玫兀绦龊门┐逋恋厥褂弥贫雀母锏氖缘愎ぷ鳌? 10. 推进科技体制改革,发展技术市场。按照“稳住一头,放开一片”的方针,加强基础性研究,发展高新技术研究,技术开发和科技服务机构的研究开发经营活动要逐步进入市场,促进科技经济一体化。要规范技术市场规则和秩序,推进科技系统的结构调整、机制转换和人才分流。

创造条件,促进技术成果商品化、产业化。
四、深化社会保障制度和住房制度的改革
11. 社会保障政策要统一,管理要法制化。社会保障水平要与我国社会生产力发展以及各方面的承受能力相适应。根据城乡居民的不同情况,逐步建立多层次的社会保障体系。配合企业改革,进行城镇社会养老保险和失业保险制度改革,积极探索社会统筹和个人帐户相结合的具体途径
。发展和完善农村合作医疗制度,稳定农村医务人员队伍,健全医疗预防保健网。
12. 根据国务院统一部署,稳步改革城镇住房制度,促进住房社会化、商品化和住房建设的发展。要搞好住房制度改革政策的有机衔接。严格贯彻国务院确定的定价原则,坚决制止低价售房。对突击低价售房和在售房中以权谋私、违反政策者要严肃查处。公房租金支出占城镇职工家庭
收入比重应逐步达到一定比例,提高租金要选择经济平稳的时机出台。促进住房建设,通过土地、税费、信贷等方面的支持,发展经济适用住房,推进集资、合作建房。有步骤地推行住房公积金制度,加强住房公积金管理和制度建设。
五、转变政府职能,加强经济法制建设,积极培育中介组织 13. 今年要基本完成省级政府机构改革,并在部分市县级政府进行机构改革。各级政府要转变职能,提高工作效率,坚持政企分开,把属于企业经营自主权范围的职能切实交给企业。抓紧实施国家公务员制度方案,在中央
政府、大部分省级政府及计划单列市政府机构中尽快建立起国家公务员制度。
14. 高度重视法制建设,改革决策与立法决策紧密结合。按照《国务院关于加强政府法制工作的决定》(国发〔1993〕72号)要求,切实搞好政府法制工作。要继续完善现有经济法规,对目前尚不具备制定法律条件的,可先制定行政法规,保障社会主义市场经济沿着规范化、制度化、法
制化的轨道健康发展。
15. 有计划、有步骤地发展市场中介组织。当前要着重发展和完善会计师、审计师和律师事务所,公证和仲裁机构,计量和质量检验认证机构,信息咨询机构,资产和资信评估机构等市场中介组织。市场中介组织要依法通过资格认定,依据市场规则,建立自我协调、自我保护和自我约
束的自律性运行机制。各种中介组织要接受政府有关部门的管理和监督,对其行为后果,要承担相应的法律责任和经济责任。
六、继续深化农村经济体制改革
16. 稳定和完善以家庭联产承包为主的责任制和统分结合的双层经营体制。在坚持土地集体所有的前提下,延长耕地承包期,允许继承开发性生产项目的承包经营权,允许土地使用权依法有偿转让。
农村集体经济组织,要积极兴办服务性的经济实体,为家庭经营提供服务,促进农业生产专业化、商品化、社会化。通过多样化服务体系将分散的小规模经营的农户与市场紧密联系起来。在国家的宏观调控和管理下,逐步放活农产品经营,改变部门分割、产销脱节的状况,发展各种形
式的贸工农一体化经营,把生产、加工、销售环节紧密结合起来。
17. 进一步深化乡镇企业改革。继续完善乡镇企业经营机制,进行产权制度和经营方式改革的探索。按照国家产业政策对乡镇企业实行分类指导,加强规划、积极推行、正确引导、不断完善、逐步规范,在明晰企业产权的基础上,对股份合作制要积极扶持,正确引导,对有利于发展经
济的股份制试点,也要给予支持。要强化乡镇企业环境保护和劳动保护。乡镇企业的发展要与小城镇建设统筹规划,引导乡镇企业适当集中。逐步改革小城镇的户籍管理制度,合理转移农村剩余劳动力。
18. 围绕解决“买难卖难”、剩余劳动力转移和提高农民收入等重点问题,进一步加强农村市场体系建设,并加强配套的信息、仓储、运输、加工、保鲜等设施建设,提高服务水平和运行效率。
19. 建立健全政府对农业的支持、保障、调控和服务体系,强化支持和保护农业的调控手段。各级政府要逐步增加对农业的投入,并通过运用财政、税收、价格、信贷、保险等手段,鼓励和引导社会、农村集体经济组织和农民把更多的资金投向农业。
七、进一步扩大对外开放
20. 在继续搞好现有开放地区发展的基础上,进一步扩大对外开放要向产业倾斜,促使国家鼓励的产业得以更快的发展。经济特区要进一步调整产业结构,向更高层次发展;经济开发区的建设要统筹规划、合理安排,并与老城市、老企业的改造相结合,避免盲目发展。
21. 深化对外贸易体制改革,搞好外汇管理体制改革工作。按照《国务院关于进一步深化对外贸易体制改革的决定》(国发〔1994〕4号)要求,完善外贸宏观管理,转换外贸企业经营机制,完善外贸经营的协调服务机制,保持外贸政策的统一性。按照《国务院关于进一步改革外汇管理? 逯频耐ㄖ?国发〔1993〕89号)要求,搞好外汇管理体制改革工作。
22. 认真做好资金、技术、人才和管理经验的引进工作。利用外资工作,要加强国家发展规划和产业政策的引导,并逐步从提供优惠政策转向提供良好的投资环境。扩大利用外资的规模和领域,鼓励外商直接投资基础设施、基础产业和高新技术;按照国家有关规定,搞好利用外资对国
有大中型企业进行技术改造的工作;鼓励大型跨国公司来华投资。
八、进一步抓好综合配套改革试点工作
23. 进一步抓好市县综合配套改革试点工作,为全国经济体制改革工作和建立社会主义市场经济体制探索经验。各试点市县要根据《决定》精神和国家的具体部署,制定符合本地实际情况并具有可操作性的综合配套改革实施方案,把深化改革与本地经济发展战略、调整结构、扩大对外
开放很好地结合起来。综合配套改革试点县,要在推进农工商、贸工农一体化建设,深化乡镇企业改革,培育农村市场体系,发展农村社会化服务体系,加快县级机构改革,促进小城镇建设等方面,创造好的经验。综合试点市县还要在建立社会保障体系,深化科教文体制改革,建立健全民
主法制,抓好精神文明建设,发展各项社会事业方面成为模范和表率。
24. 按照市场经济的原则,结合贯彻《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》,根据国家有关政策和规定,搞好民族地区经济体制改革工作。要从当地实际情况出发,围绕经济体制改革和经济发展中存在的重点问题,制订切实可行的综合配套改革措施。从发展和解决温饱问题入手,促进资
源的有效开发和利用,加快这些地区的经济发展。
25. 今年经济体制改革的步子大,任务重,要认真贯彻执行《决定》,统一认识,按照党中央和国务院的统一部署,制订切实可行的具体实施方案,把各项改革措施真正落到实处。要防止政出多门、各行其是、一哄而起。



1994年6月8日

全国人大常委会关于加强反恐怖工作有关问题的决定

全国人民代表大会常务委员会


全国人大常委会关于加强反恐怖工作有关问题的决定

2011年10月29日第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十三次会议通过


为了加强反恐怖工作,保障国家安全和人民生命、财产安全,维护社会秩序,特就反恐怖工作有关问题作如下决定:

一、国家反对一切形式的恐怖主义,坚决依法取缔恐怖活动组织,严密防范、严厉惩治恐怖活动。

二、恐怖活动是指以制造社会恐慌、危害公共安全或者胁迫国家机关、国际组织为目的,采取暴力、破坏、恐吓等手段,造成或者意图造成人员伤亡、重大财产损失、公共设施损坏、社会秩序混乱等严重社会危害的行为,以及煽动、资助或者以其他方式协助实施上述活动的行为。

恐怖活动组织是指为实施恐怖活动而组成的犯罪集团。

恐怖活动人员是指组织、策划、实施恐怖活动的人和恐怖活动组织的成员。

三、国家反恐怖工作领导机构统一领导和指挥全国反恐怖工作。

公安机关、国家安全机关和人民检察院、人民法院、司法行政机关以及其他有关国家机关,应当各司其职、密切配合,依法做好反恐怖工作。

中国人民解放军、中国人民武装警察部队和民兵组织依照法律、行政法规、军事法规以及国务院、中央军事委员会的命令,防范和打击恐怖活动。

四、恐怖活动组织及恐怖活动人员名单,由国家反恐怖工作领导机构根据本决定第二条的规定认定、调整。

恐怖活动组织及恐怖活动人员名单,由国务院公安部门公布。

五、国务院公安部门公布恐怖活动组织及恐怖活动人员名单时,应当同时决定对涉及有关恐怖活动组织及恐怖活动人员的资金或者其他资产予以冻结。

金融机构和特定非金融机构对于涉及国务院公安部门公布的恐怖活动组织及恐怖活动人员的资金或者其他资产,应当立即予以冻结,并按照规定及时向国务院公安部门、国家安全部门和国务院反洗钱行政主管部门报告。

六、中华人民共和国根据缔结或者参加的国际条约,或者按照平等互惠原则,开展反恐怖国际合作。

七、认定恐怖活动组织及恐怖活动人员名单的具体办法,由国务院制定;冻结涉及恐怖活动资产的具体办法,由国务院反洗钱行政主管部门会同国务院公安部门、国家安全部门制定。

八、本决定自公布之日起施行。

CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 71)
 CONTENTS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation and application
  he "reasonableness" test
  Dealing as consumer"
  arieties of exemption clause
  ower to amend Schedules 1 and 2
  II    CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES
  dance of liability for negligence, breach of contract, etc.
  egligence liability
  iability arising in contract
  nreasonable indemnity clauses Liability arising from sale or
supply of
  s
  "Guarantee" of consumer goods
  Seller's liability
  Miscellaneous contracts under which goods pass Other provisions
about
  racts
  Effect of breach on "reasonableness" test
  Evasion by means of secondary contract
  Arbitration agreements
  III   CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE CONTROL DOES NOT APPLY
  International supply contracts
  Choice of law clauses
  Saving for other relevant legislation
  Application
  IV    CONSEQUENTIAL AND OTHER AMENDMENTS
  (Omitted)
  dule 1. Scope of sections 7, 8, 9 and 12
  dule 2. "Guidelines" for application of reasonableness test
  dule 3. (Omitted)
 Whole document
  
  imit the extent to which civil liability for breach of contract, 
or
  negligence or other breach of duty, can be avoided by 
means of
  ract terms and otherwise; and to restrict the 
enforceability of
  tration agreements. [1 December 1990] L. N. 38 of 1990
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Control of Exemption Clauses
Ordinance.
  nterpretation and application
  In this Ordinance--
  iness" includes a profession and the activities of a public 
body, a
  ic authority, or a board, commission, committee or 
other body
  inted by the Governor or Government;
  ds" has the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Ordinance (Cap.
26);
  ligence" means the breach--
  of any obligation, arising from the express or implied terms 
of a
  ract, to take reasonable care or exercise reasonable skill 
in the
  ormance of the contract;
  of any common law duty to take reasonable care or exercise 
reasonable
  l (but not any stricter duty);
  of the common duty of care imposed by the Occupiers 
Liability
  nance (Cap. 314); "notice" includes an announcement, whether or
not in
  hing, and any other communication or pretended communication;
  sonal injury" includes any disease and any impairment of 
physical or
  al condition.
  In the case of both contract and tort, sections 7 to 12 apply 
(except
  e the contrary is stated in section 11 (4)) only to 
business
  ility, that is liability for breach of obligations or duties
arising--
  from things done or omitted to be done by a person in the course
of a
  ness (whether his own business or another's); or
  from the occupation of premises used for business purposes 
of the
  pier, and references to liability are to be read 
accordingly; but
  ility of an occupier of premises for breach of an obligation or 
duty
  rds a person obtaining access to the premises for 
recreational or
  ational purposes, being liability for loss or damage 
suffered by
  on of the dangerous state of the premises, is not a business
liability
  he occupier unless granting that person such access for the 
purposes
  erned falls within the business purposes of the occupier.
  In relation to any breach of duty or obligation, it is 
immaterial
  her the breach was inadvertent or intentional, or whether 
liability
  it arises directly or vicariously.
  1977 c. 50 ss. 1&14 U. K.]
  he "reasonableness" test
  In relation to a contract term, the requirement of reasonableness 
for
  purposes of this Ordinance and section 4 of the 
Misrepresentation
  nance (Cap. 284) is satisfied only if the court or 
arbitrator
  rmines that the term was a fair and reasonable one to be 
included
  ng regard to the circumstances which were, or ought reasonably
to have
  , known to or in the contemplation of the parties when the 
contract
  made.
  In determining for the purposes of section 11 or 12 whether a
contract
  satisfies the requirement of reasonableness, the court or 
arbitrator
  l have regard in particular to the matters specified in 
Schedule 2;
  this subsection does not prevent the court or arbitrator from
holding,
  ccordance with any rule of law, that a term which purports to 
exclude
  estrict any relevant liability is not a term of the contract.
  
  In relation to a notice (not being a notice having 
contractual
  ct), the requirement of reasonableness under this 
Ordinance is
  sfied only if the court or arbitrator determines that it would
be fair
  reasonable to allow reliance on it, having regard to 
all the
  umstances obtaining when the liability arose or (but for the 
notice)
  d have arisen.
  In determining (under this Ordinance or the 
Misrepresentation
  nance (Cap. 284)) whether a contract term or notice 
satisfies the
  irement of reasonableness, the court or arbitrator shall have 
regard
  articular (but without prejudice to subsection (2) to whether
(and, if
  to what extent) the language in which the term or notice is 
expressed
  language understood by the person as against whom another 
person
  s to rely upon the term or notice.
  Where by reference to a contract term or notice a person 
seeks to
  rict liability to a specified sum of money, and the question
arises
  er this Ordinance or the Misrepresentation Ordinance (Cap. 
284))
  her the term or notice satisfies the requirement of 
reasonableness,
  court or arbitrator shall have regard in particular (but 
without
  udice to subsection (2) or (4)) to--
  the resources which he could expect to be available to him for 
the
  ose of meeting the liability should it arise; and
  how far it was open to him to cover himself by insurance.
  It is for the person claiming that a contract term or notice
satisfies
  requirement of reasonableness to prove that it does.
  1977 c. 50 s. 11 U. K.]
  Dealing as consumer"
  A party to a contract "deals as consumer" in relation to another
party
  
  he neither makes the contract in the course of a business nor 
holds
  elf out as doing so;
  the other party does make the contract in the course of a 
business;
  
  in the case of a contract governed by the law of sale of goods 
or by
  ion 12, the goods passing under or in pursuance of the contract
are of
  pe ordinarily supplied for private use or consumption.
  Notwithstanding subsection (1), on a sale by auction or by
competitive
  er the buyer is not in any circumstances to be regarded as dealing 
as
  umer.
  It is for the person claiming that a party does not deal as 
consumer
  rove that he does not.
  1977 c. 50 s. 12 U. K.]
  
  arieties of exemption clause
  To the extent that this Ordinance prevents the 
exclusion  or
  riction of any liability it also prevents--
  making the liability or its enforcement subject to 
restrictive or
  ous conditions;
  excluding or restricting any right or remedy in respect 
of the
  ility, or subjecting a person to any prejudice in consequence of 
his
  uing any such right or remedy;
  excluding or restricting rules of evidence or procedure, and (to 
that
  nt) sections 7, 10, 11 and 12 also prevent excluding or 
restricting
  ility by reference to terms and notices which  exclude  or 
restrict
  relevant obligation or duty.
  An agreement in writing to submit present or future 
differences to
  tration is not to be treated under this Ordinance as 
excluding or
  ricting any liability. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 13 U. K.]
  ower to amend Schedules 1 and 2
  Legislative Council may by resolution amend Schedules 1 and 2.
 PART II CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES
  
  dance of liability for negligence, breach of contract, etc.
  egligence liability
  A person cannot by reference to any contract term or to a notice
given
  ersons generally or to particular persons exclude or 
restrict his
  ility for death or personal injury resulting from negligence.
  In the case of other loss or damage, a person cannot so 
exclude or
  rict his liability for negligence except in so far as the 
term or
  ce satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.
  Where a contract term or notice purports to exclude or 
restrict
  ility for negligence a person's agreement to or awareness of it
is not
  tself to be taken as indicating his voluntary acceptance of any
risk.
  1977 c. 50 s. 2 U. K.]
  iability arising in contract
  This section applies as between contracting parties where one of 
them
  s as consumer or on the other's written standard terms of
business.
  As against that party, the other cannot by reference to any 
contract
  --
  When himself in breach of contract, exclude or restrict any 
liability
  is in respect of the breach; or
  claim to be entitled--
  to render a contractual performance substantially different from 
that
  h was reasonably expected of him; or
  in respect of the whole or any part of his contractual obligation,
to
  er no performance at all,
  pt in so far as (in any of the cases mentioned above 
in this
  ection) the contract term satisfies the requirement of
reasonableness.
  1977 c. 50 s. 3 U. K.]
  nreasonable indemnity clauses
  A person dealing as consumer cannot by reference to any contract 
term
  ade to indemnify another person (whether a party to the 
contract or
  in respect of liability that may be incurred by the 
other for
  igence or breach of contract, except in so far as the contract 
term
  sfies the requirement of reasonableness.
  This section applies whether the liability in question--
  is directly that of the person to be indemnified or is incurred
by him
  riously;
  is to the person dealing as consumer or to someone else. [cf. 1977 
c.
  . 4 U. K.]
  ility arising from sale or supply of goods
  
  "Guarantee" of consumer goods
  In the case of goods of a type ordinarily supplied for private
use or
  umption, where loss or damage--
  arises from the goods proving defective while in consumer use;
and
  results from the negligence of a person concerned in the 
manufacture
  istribution of the goods, liability for the loss or damage 
cannot be
  uded or restricted by reference to any contract term or 
notice
  ained in or operating by reference to a guarantee of the goods.
  For these purposes--
  goods are to be regarded as "in consumer use" when a person is 
using
  , or has them in his possession for use, otherwise than 
exclusively
  the purposes of a business; and
  anything in writing is a guarantee if it contains or 
purports to
  ain some promise or assurance (however worded or 
presented) that
  cts will be made good by complete or partial replacement, 
or by
  ir, monetary compensation or otherwise.
  This section does not apply as between the parties to a contract
under
  n pursuance of which possession or ownership of the goods passed.
  1977 c. 50 s. 5 U. K.]
  Seller's liability
  Liability for breach of the obligations arising from section 14
of the
  of Goods Ordinance (Cap. 26) (seller's implied undertakings 
as to
  e, etc.) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to any
contract
  .
  As against a person dealing as consumer, liability for breach of 
the
  gations arising from section 15, 16 or 17 of the Sale of 
Goods
  nance (Cap. 26) (seller's implied undertakings as to 
conformity of
  s with description or sample, or as to their quality or fitness
for a
  icular purpose) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to 
any
  ract term.
  As against a person dealing otherwise than as consumer, the 
liability
  ified in subsection (2) can be excluded or restricted by reference 
to
  ntract term, but only in so far as the term satisfies the 
requirement
  easonableness.
  The liabilities referred to in this section are not only the 
business
  ilities defined by section 2 (2), but include those arising under 
any
  ract of sale of goods. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 6 U. K.]
  Miscellaneous contracts under which goods pass
  Where the possession or ownership of goods passes 
under or in
  uance of a contract not governed by the law of sale of 
goods,
  ection (2) to (4) apply in relation to the effect (if any) that 
the
  t or arbitrator is to give to contract terms excluding or 
restricting
  ility for breach of obligation arising by implication of law from 
the
  re of the contract.
  As against a person dealing as consumer, liability in respect of 
the
  's correspondence with description or sample, or their 
quality or
  ess for any particular purpose, cannot be excluded or 
restricted by
  rence to any such term.
  As against a person dealing otherwise than as consumer, that
liability
  be excluded or restricted by reference to such a term, but only
in so
  as the term satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.
  
  Liability in respect of--
  the right to transfer ownership of the goods, or give possession;
or
  the assurance of quiet possession to a person taking 
goods in
  uance of the contract, cannot be excluded or restricted by 
reference
  ny such term except in so far as the term satisfies the requirement
of
  onableness. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 7 U. K.]
  r provisions about contracts
  Effect of breach on "reasonableness" test
  Where for reliance upon it a contract term has to 
satisfy the
  irement of reasonableness, it may be found to do so and be 
given
  ct accordingly notwithstanding that the contract has been 
terminated
  er by breach or by a party electing to treat it as repudiated.
  Where on a breach the contract is nevertheless affirmed by a 
party
  tled to treat as repudiated, this does not of itself 
exclude the
  irement of reasonableness in relation to any contract term.
  1977 c. 50 s. 9 U. K.]
  Evasion by means of secondary contract
  rson is not bound by any contract term prejudicing or taking 
away
  ts of his which arise under, or in connection with the performance
of,
  her contract, so far as those rights extend to the 
enforcement of
  her's liability which this Ordinance prevents that 
other  from
  uding or restricting.
  1977 c. 50 s. 10 U. K.]
  Arbitration agreements
  As against a person dealing as consumer, an agreement to submit
future
  erences to arbitration cannot be enforced except--
  with his written consent signified after the differences in 
question
  arisen; or
  where he has himself had recourse to arbitration in pursuance of 
the
  ement in respect of any differences.
  Subsection (1) does not affect--
  the enforcement of an international arbitration agreement 
within the
  ing of section 2 (1) of the Arbitration Ordinance (Cap. 341);
  laced 76 of 1990 s. 2)
  the resolution of differences arising under any contract so far
as it
  by virtue of Schedule 1, excluded from the operation of section
7, 8,
  12.
 PART III CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE CONTROL DOES NOT APPLY
  
  International supply contracts
  The limits imposed by this Ordinance on the extent to which a 
person
  exclude or restrict liability by reference to a contract term do 
not
  y to liability arising under an international supply contract.
  The terms of an international supply contract are not subject to 
any
  irement of reasonableness under section 8 or 9.
  For the purposes of this section, an international supply 
contract
  s a contract--
  that is either a contract of sale of goods or a contract under 
or in
  uance of which the possession or ownership of goods passes;
  that is made by parties whose places of business (or, if they 
have
  , habitual residences) are in the territories of different 
States or
  in and outside Hong Kong; and
  in the case of which--
  the goods in question are, at the time of the conclusion 
of the
  ract, in the course of carriage, or will be carried, 
from the
  itory of one State to the territory of another, or to or from 
Hong
  from or to a place outside Hong Kong; or
  the acts constituting the offer and acceptance have been done in 
the
  itories of different States or in and outside Hong Kong; or
  ) the contract provides for the goods to be delivered to the
territory
  State other than that within whose territory the acts 
constituting
  offer and acceptance were done; or
  the acts constituting the offer and acceptance were done in Hong
Kong
  the contract provides for the goods to be delivered outside Hong
Kong;
  
  the acts constituting the offer and acceptance were done outside 
Hong
  and the contract provides for the goods to be delivered to Hong
Kong.
  1977 c. 50 s. 26 U. K.]
  Choice of law clauses
  Where the proper law of a contract is the law of Hong Kong only 
by
  ce of the parties (and apart from that choice would be the law
of some
  r country) sections 7 to 12 do not operate as part of the proper
law.
  This Ordinance has effect notwithstanding any contract 
term which
  ies or purports to apply the law of some other country, where 
(either
  oth)--
  the term appears to the court or arbitrator to have been 
imposed
  ly or mainly for the purpose of enabling the party imposing 
it to
  e the operation of this Ordinance; or
  in the making of the contract one of the parties dealt as 
consumer,
  he was then habitually resident in Hong Kong, and the essential 

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