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中国古代继承法律制度变迁概论/宋飞

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中国古代继承法律制度变迁概论

作者:宋飞

在中国古代(本文只介绍从夏朝至清朝的概况),继承法律制度经历了一个漫长的发展过程,我在这里分身份继承和财产继承两方面的法律制度变迁加以介绍。
首先介绍夏商周奴隶制社会下的继承制度。在夏朝,父死子继的身份继承制度已经出现,主要表现在王位的继承上。到了商朝,前期实行的是兄终弟及的继承制度,后期实行的是父死子继的继承制度。商朝前期这一独特历史形态,曾被法国孟德斯鸠写入其名著《论法的精神》(见张雁深中译本下册第178页)。周代时,实行以父死子继为主、间有兄终弟及的继承制度,吸收夏商身份继承制度的一些特点,又有所独创。王位嫡长子(即正妻所生长子)继承制在西周时期已经确立。由于西周实行一妻多妾制,王位的继承必须是正妻所生长子,无论其贤与否;如妻无子,则不得不立贵妾之子,不管其年龄如何。至于诸侯王公的身份继承,则是参照王位继承执行。有关财产方面的继承制度,在夏商西周时期是附属于身份继承制度的,土地、财产的继承被排在王、贵族政治身份继承之后。即是说:西周时为了维护家族利益,不管是身份继承还是财产继承,都是实行嫡长子继承制。
紧接着介绍中国封建制社会构建初期的继承制度。春秋战国时期,随着商品经济的发展,私有财产的增多,生产力的迅速发展导致奴隶制开始崩溃,新的封建制社会形态开设慢慢构建,财产继承问题日益突出出来,有关的制度开始逐步建立起来。如商鞅在秦国颁行的分异令,就肯定了家庭财产的继承权利。秦朝建立以后,《秦律》中又将这些改革派的继承法思想收入其中,形成了封建社会第一套完整的继承制度。但是奴隶制法中的王位嫡长子继承制依然保留下来了。
然后,我们来介绍中国封建制社会成熟时期的继承制度。
到了汉朝,在身份继承领域,嫡长子继承制度又得以加强。在借鉴周代经验基础之上,汉朝明确规定,嫡长子才能继承封爵,否则,就要受到法律制裁。在财产继承上,采取诸子均分的形式,同时规定女子也有遗产的继承权利,这与西周时的做法是一大进步,这些有益内容也被我国现行继承法所吸收。汉代出现最早的遗嘱继承文件,该文件内容有遗嘱订立人、代书人和证人三方当事人,手续齐全,具有法律效力。以上这些表明了在财产继承上,汉朝法律较前又前进了一大步。
到了魏晋南北朝和隋代,由于在继承制度方面强调嫡子(正妻所生之子)的继承权,故妾不得触犯正妻的权益。西晋是的晋武帝还专门下召禁止乱嫡庶之位。此外这段时期也不得收养异姓为子,以免家庭内财产外流。
到了唐代和五代时期,在继承制度方面,已经明确的将宗祧继承(身份继承的一种)与财产继承加以区别。宗祧继承名义上是继承祭祀的权力,实际上是与标志政治权力的官爵继承紧密相连,故在唐代宗祧继承似乎与百姓关系不大,而财产继承制是每家每户的大事。唐代的财产继承制度比汉代又向前推进了一步。唐代已将“诸子均分”作为法定继承的基本原则。若有遗嘱者,即不按法定顺序继承,采取遗嘱优先的原则。女子出嫁后,原则上在娘家没有继承权。但如果出现“户绝”(即家无男子承继,用现代话讲就是:没有男性继承人)的情况,女子还是可以依法取得全部遗产。此外,在分家析产时,在室女(即未嫁女)可以分到相当于未娶兄弟聘财一半的财产作为自己的嫁妆费。但此时期的私生子依唐律不享有继承权。
到了宋朝,有关继承的法律制度,就比唐律规定得更加详细,更具灵活性,可以说已经达到封建继承法制的顶峰了。
除沿袭以往遗产兄弟均分制和允许在室女享受部分继承财产权外,还规定出嫁女(即已婚女)继承份额为男子的三分之一,没有出嫁女则按数额给出嫁亲姑姐妹侄女得一分。如寡妇招接脚夫(后夫),不享有法定继承权,即如寡妇改嫁到后夫家生活或其死亡,财产要没 为官府所有。宋朝法律对遗腹子、私生子、“义子” (即继子)及赘婿(俗称上门女婿)的财产继承权也做了规定。如规定遗腹子与已出生的亲生子享有基本相同的继承权。别宅子(即私生子)只要有证据证明其与生父有血缘关系,不管是否同居或同籍,官府即承认其地位,允许其享有一定的财产继承权。但如果不入户籍,又无证据证明身份,其申请继承,官府不予受理;将“再嫁之妻将带前夫之子就育后夫家者”(即继子)称之为“义子”,义子不得随义父(即继父)之姓。如义父死,则归本宗,不享有义父财产所有权,但可以分得其母随带财物。赘婿在家庭中没有财产权和男子应有的地位,更无权承继妻家财产。但如果“(诸)赘婿以妻家财物营运,增置财产,至户绝日”可分给赘婿三分之一的财产继承权。
南宋时,又规定了绝户财产继承人的办法。这比唐代的规定更加灵活。绝户即家无男子承继,用现代话讲就是:没有男性继承人。绝户立继承人有两种方式,凡“夫亡而妻在”,立继从妻,称“立继”。凡“夫妻俱亡”,立继从其尊长亲属,称为“命继”。这为明朝的“立嗣”制度的创建构建了基础。继子与绝户之女均享有继承权。只有出嫁女的,出嫁女享有三分之一的财产继承权,继子享有三分之一的财产继承权,另外的三分之一的财产继承权收为官府所有。
宋朝在唐朝“遗嘱处分”的基础上又有发展。例如立遗嘱人须有年龄限制,其次遗嘱以书面文字记载为有效,并且凡未经官印押(类似于现代的公证)的遗嘱,法律不予承认。同时,根据遗嘱“已分财产满三年而诉不平,及满五年而诉无分违法者各不受理”,及“遗嘱满十年而诉者”,不得受理。这又有点像现在的诉讼时效制度。
到了元朝,在继承问题上部分摆脱了封建宗祧继承制的影响,主张蒙古人与色目人(西夏、回回)各依本族习惯法进行财产与权位上的继承。同时承认寡妇与无子之家的女子享有继承权。但对汉族人的继承,也同样依照法律,采取嫡长子继承爵位和权位、财产诸子平分的方法。在室女与出嫁女也有继承权,但数额少于男子。金元时期对奸生子的法律态度较唐宋更加宽容,规定奸生子(即私生子)的继承份额为嫡子(正妻所生之子)的四分之一,庶子(妾所生之子)的三分之一。
最后介绍中国封建制社会衰败时期的继承制度。
到了明朝,在继承制度上,开始恪遵唐宋时留下的古代法固有传统,身份继承和财产继承相结合,嫡长继承和共同继承并存,以及男女不平等等等。但在继承的具体制度上也有变化发展,主要是立嗣制度更加灵活,奸生子的继承权得到上升。关于立嗣制度,起源于唐宋时的“绝户”制度。“有子立长,无子立嗣”,是中国古代宗祧继承的原则。明朝法律规定,嗣子必须从同宗近支或同姓的卑亲属中择立,且应昭穆相当,不得尊卑失序,亦不许乞养异姓为嗣,这一点与魏晋南北朝的做法相似。法律所要求的立嗣行为称为“应继”,但如“应继” 嗣子不尽孝道,不为所后者亲,立嗣者可告官别立。明代中叶法律又作较为灵活、自由的补充规定:“若义男、女婿为所后之亲喜悦者,听其相为依倚,不许继子并本生父母用计逼逐,仍依大明令分给财产”。立嗣者择立亲爱者为嗣,是为“择继”。 奸生子在唐朝被认为无继承权,宋代的规定有所松动,至金元,奸生子的继承份额为嫡子的四分之一,庶子的三分之一。明代则规定,奸生子的继承份额为嫡子的二分之一。如别无子而立嗣,奸生子则与嗣子均分遗产。如无应继之人,奸生子可继承全部遗产。
到了清朝,继承制度基本沿袭明制,又将身份继承分宗祧继承和封爵继承二种。宗祧继承承袭明制中的嫡长子继承办法(嫡长子-嫡长孙-嫡庶子-嫡次孙-庶长子-庶长孙-庶庶子-庶次孙)。前者无则立后者。违反该法定顺序,处杖80。如嫡庶子孙全无的家庭,则采取立继的方法确定继承人,这与南宋时的“绝户”制度极为相似。禁止立养子、义子为继承人,但允许独子一人享有同宗两家的继承权(独子承祧,俗称兼祧)。,不得随意接触。即使继承又养男儿,嗣子的身份仍不丧失。如果生身父母愿将出继子领回的,须经双方协商同意后,才能撤销立嗣关系。如有嗣子不孝或与继亲相处不睦之情,允许废除立继关系重立嗣子。封爵继承制度适用于世袭贵族家庭和军功家庭,其继承顺序同宗祧继承,嫡长子享有优先继承权。在财产继承方面,清律不仅规定诸子均分财产的权利,对赘婿和养子的财产继承权也有规定。亲生女只有在无男户的情况下,才有继承绝产的权利。这与唐代和南宋旧制相同。夫亡妻子无子而守孝者,才有继承丈夫份额财产的权利。这又与金元时期的制度相似。


参考文献
1、《中国法制史》,中国政法大学出版社1998年6月版。怀效锋主编
2、《婚姻与继承法学》,中国政法大学出版社1999年1月修订版。巫昌祯主编
3、《论法的精神》下册,商务印书馆1985年10月版,(法国)孟德斯鸠著,张雁深译
4、《国家司法考试辅导用书》第一卷(法律出版社2004年5月版)

外债登记实施细则(附英文)

国家外汇管理局


外债登记实施细则(附英文)
国家外汇管理局



(1989年11月10日国家外汇管理局发布)


第一条 为了贯彻执行《外债统计监测暂行规定》(以下简称《规定》),制定本细则。
第二条 外债系指直接从国外筹借并需以外国货币承担的具有契约性偿还义务的全部债务。具体内容包括:
(一)国际金融组织贷款:指国际货币基金组织、世界银行、亚洲开发银行、联合国农业发展基金会和其他国际性、地区性金融组织提供的贷款;
(二)外国政府贷款:指外国政府向我国提供的官方发展援助贷款;
(三)外国银行及非银行金融机构贷款:指境外银行、其他非银行金融机构及银团组织等提供的贷款;
(四)买方信贷:指发放出口信贷的外国银行向我国进口部门或银行提供的,用以购买出口国设备的贷款;
(五)外国企业贷款:指境外非金融机构提供的贷款;
(六)发行外币债券:指境内机构在境外资金市场上发行的,以外币表示券面金额的债券;
(七)国际金融租赁:指境外租赁机构向境内机构提供的融资性租赁;
(八)延期付款:指国外出口商向国内进口部门提供的,在进口货物入境三个月以后,进口企业才对外支付货款的融通;
(九)补偿贸易中直接以现汇偿还的债务:指补偿贸易合同规定以现汇偿还或经批准因故将商品偿还更改为现汇偿还的债务,包括用出口收汇补偿的债务。
(十)其他形式的外债,包括:
1.境内金融机构吸收的境外机构或私人的外币存款;
2.境内企业(包括外商投资企业)向境内外资或中外合资银行的借款等。此外,以下情况亦视为外债:
1.已在境外注册的机构以各种形式调入境内,需境内机构实际偿还的债务;
2.未在境外注册的驻外机构的对外债务;
3.外商投资企业以外方名义向外借款,所借款项用于企业股本以外的资金或设备投入,外方与企业间有合同或其他具有法律约束力的文件规定由该企业负责偿还的债务;
4.中方为外方债务出具担保,由中方实际履行偿还义务的债务;
5.外商独资企业对其母公司的债务。
第三条 国家外汇管理局及其分局为全国外债登记和管理部门(以下简称登记部门)。国家外汇管理局负责在北京的国务院各部委、公司以及银行和非银行金融机构总部的外债登记工作;各地外汇管理分局负责当地政府、金融机构和企事业单位以及中央驻地方单位、金融机构总部的外
债登记工作。
未在境外注册的驻外机构的对外借款,由派出机构所在地的外汇管理局负责登记。
第四条 外债登记分为逐笔登记和定期登记。
定期登记外债是指:国内银行和非银行金融机构借入的外债;财政部、经贸部、中国人民银行、农业部、中国银行分别负责的外国政府贷款和国际金融组织贷款。
逐笔登记外债是指:除定期登记以外的国内其他部门、企业(包括外商投资企业)借用的外债。
企事业单位委托金融机构的对外借款,由借款合同规定的债务人办理登记。
第五条 定期登记手续为:
(一)借款单位在第一笔借款合同签订后的十五天内,到所在地外汇管理部门办理登记手续,领取定期登记的《外债登记证》(以下简称《登记证》)。
(二)当新签借款契约或债务发生提款、偿还等变动情况时,借款单位应按月分别填写“外债签约情况表”和“外债变动反馈表”(以下简称反馈表),并于每月后五日内上报登记部门。
(三)借款单位需要开立现汇帐户时,应凭《登记证》和登记部门开出的开户批准书到指定开户行(以下简称开户行)办理开立外债专用现汇帐户(以下简称外债专户)手续,并于次日将回执寄送登记部门。
第六条 逐笔登记的手续为:
(一)借款单位在借款合同签约后十五天内,持借款合同副本和对外借款批件(外商投资企业不需批件),到登记部门办理外债登记手续,领取逐笔登记的《登记证》。
(二)在借款调入境内时,借款单位应凭汇款通知单和《登记证》到开户行开立外债专户,办理入帐手续。
(三)债务到期还本付息时,借款单位应持《登记证》和还本付息通知单,提前到登记部门领取还本付息核准件,凭核准件和《登记证》到开户行办理从外债专户汇出本息手续。
(四)在办理收付和开户手续后,借款单位应依据开户行开出的收付凭证填写“反馈表”,并于次日将“反馈表”、存款凭证影印件报送登记部门。
(五)借用非调入现汇而需从境内汇出借款本息的非调入形式债务的单位,应在债务实际发生后,填写“反馈表”,于次日将“反馈表”影印件寄送登记部门。在债务到期还本付息时,应凭登记部门的核准件到开户行开立“外债还本付息专用现汇帐户”(以下简称还本付息专户),办
理汇出本息手续。
(六)经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准,将借款存放境外的单位,应每月通过“反馈表”向原登记部门报送当月存款变动情况。
(七)境内机构向在华外资银行、中外合资银行借款,可以不另设帐户,但借款单位必须按有关规定履行登记和报送“反馈表”手续。
(八)在本地领取《登记证》的借款单位,如必须在异地银行办理开户、还本付息手续时,可先持本地登记部门开出的《登记证》到异地登记部门办理还本付息核准手续,异地开户行在办理手续三天后,将支付凭证的影印件报送原登记部门。
第七条 在《登记证》上记载的债务最后一次还本付息后,开户行应立即注销其“外债专户”和“还本付息专户”。借款单位应在十五天内向发证的登记部门缴销《登记证》。
第八条 开户行须具备下列条件:
(一)获准经营外汇业务的国内银行;
(二)能密切配合登记部门搞好外债监测工作。
国家外汇管理局及其分局按照业务需要指定开户行。
第九条 开户行应履行下列职责:
(一)监督帐户的使用。应保证:汇入“外债专户”、“还本付息专户”的外汇资金仅限于《登记证》上记载的款项;从其他帐户划入或存入的外汇资金仅限于支付借项目所需的设备、劳务、偿还本息以及经登记部门同意的其他用途。
(二)凭《登记证》和核准件办理债务的调入、偿还手续,并在办理手续后,按要求将收付凭证于次日报送登记部门。
(三)监督所有逐笔登记的外债在调入借款和还本付息时,都必须通过“外债专户”和“还本付息专户”办理。
第十条 违反本细则有下列行为之一的,所在地外汇管理局可根据情节轻重,对有关当事人处以最高不超过所涉及外债金额3%的等值人民币罚款:
(一)故意不办理或拖延办理外债登记手续的;
(二)拒绝向外汇管理局报送或隐瞒、虚报、两次以上迟报“反馈表”的;
(三)伪造、涂改《登记证》的;
(四)擅自开立或保留“外债专户”、“还本付息专户”和所借外债不经过“外债专户”、“还本付息专户”还本付息的,应对借款人和开户行双方进行罚款。
第十一条 本细则由国家外汇管理局负责解释。
第十二条 本细则自公布之日起施行。


(Promulgated by the State Administration of Exchange Control onNovember 10, 1989)

Whole document

RULES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REGISTRATION OF EXTERNAL DEBTS
(Promulgated by the State Administration of Exchange Control on November
10, 1989)
Article 1
These Rules are formulated in order to implement the Interim
Provisions for the Statistical Work and Supervision of External Debts
(hereinafter referred to as the Provisions).
Article 2
External debts refer to any liabilities resulting from borrowing
abroad for which contractual repayments in foreign currencies are
required. They include:
(1) Loans from international monetary institutions, namely, loans
from the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Asian
Development Bank, the International Agriculture Development Fund and other
international or regional monetary institutions;
(2) Loans from foreign governments, namely, loans provided by foreign
governments in the form of official development assistance to China;
(3) Loans from foreign banks and non-bank financial institutions,
namely, loans from banks, non-bank financial institutions and syndicates
which operate outside China;
(4) Buyer's credit, namely, loans provided by foreign banks offering
export credit for Chinese importing departments or banks to buy equipment
from exporting countries;
(5) Foreign enterprise loans, namely, loans provided by foreign
enterprises that are not financial institutions;
(6) Issuance of foreign currency bonds, which refer to bonds with
denomination values in foreign currencies issued by domestic institutions
on money markets outside China;
(7) International monetary leasing, namely, leases of a fund-raising
nature provided by foreign leasing institutions for domestic institutions;
(8) Delay payment, which refers to a preferential term offered by
foreign exporters to domestic importing departments for the importers to
pay for the goods with a delay of 3 months after the goods have arrived in
China;
(9) Liabilities arising in compensation trade to be repaid directly in
cash, namely, liabilities to be repaid in cash as is stipulated in
compensation trade contracts or liabilities for which repayment is altered
to be in cash instead of in kind (goods) due to certain reason and with
approval, including liabilities to be repaid with export earnings in
foreign exchange.

(10) External debts in other forms, including:
① Foreign currency deposits in domestic monetary institutions by
institutions or individuals abroad;
② Loans obtained by domestic enterprises (including foreign
investment enterprises) from foreign or Chinese-foreign joint-venture
banks which operate in China. Apart from all these, also regarded as
external debts are the following:
① Liabilities transferred into China in various forms by externally
registered institutions, which are to be repaid by domestic institutions;
② External liabilities of Chinese institutions based abroad without
external registration;
③ Foreign loans borrowed by a foreign investment enterprise in the
name of the foreign side of the enterprise to be used as input in funds or
equipment outside the capital investment, which are to be repaid by the
enterprise as is required by a contract signed between the foreign side
and the enterprise or any other legal documents;
④ Liabilities of a foreign debtor for whom a Chinese side has
provided guarantee, and for which the repayment is to be actually made by
the Chinese side;
⑤ Liabilities owned by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise to its
parent company.

Article 3
The State Administration of Exchange Control and its branch offices
are the departments in charge of the registration and administration of
external debts in the country (hereinafter referred to as the registering
departments). The State Administration of Exchange Control takes charge of
the registration of external debts incurred by the ministries and
commissions under the State Council, corporations, banks and head offices
of non-bank financial institutions, which are all based in Beijing, and
its branch offices in localities take charge of the registration of
external debts incurred by local governments, monetary institutions, as
well as units of central departments and head offices of monetary
institutions based in localities.
External debts incurred by a Chinese institution based abroad without
external registration shall be registered by the administration of
exchange control of the locality where the externally based Chinese
institution's parent institution is situated.
Article 4
The registration of external debts is divided into case-by-case
registration and regular registration.
Regular registration applies to external debts incurred by domestic
banks and non-bank financial institutions, and loans offered by foreign
governments and international monetary institutions which fall
respectively under the administration of the Ministry of Foreign Economic
Relations and Trade, the People's Bank of China, the Ministry of
Agriculture and the Bank of China.
Case-by-case registration applies to external debts incurred by
domestic departments other than those governed by regular registration,
and by enterprises (including foreign investment enterprises).
External debts incurred by monetary institutions as entrusted by
enterprises and other institutions are to be registered with the debtors
stipulated in the borrowing contracts handling the procedures for
registration.

Article 5
The procedures for regular registration are as follows:
(1) A debtor unit shall, within 15 days after the first contract on
borrowing is signed, go through registration procedures at the local
administration of exchange control, and receive an External Debts
Registration Certificate (herein-after referred to as the Registration
Certificate) for regular registration.
(2) When new contracts on borrowing are signed or alterations such as
drawing and repayment occur in the debt, a debtor unit shall fill in
monthly a form of the Signing of Contract on External Debts and a Form of
Feedback on the Alterations of External Debts (hereinafter referred to as
the Form of Feedback) registering department within 5 days after the end
of the month.
(3) When a debtor unit needs to open a foreign exchange cash account
with a bank, the unit shall, by submitting the Registration Certificate
and a document approving the opening of the account from the registering
department, go through the necessary procedures for opening a special
foreign exchange cash account relating to external debts (hereinafter
referred to as a special account for external debts) as an appointed bank
with which such an account is opened (hereinafter referred to as the
account opening bank), and send the receipt by mail the following day to
the registering department.

Article 6
The procedures for case-by-case registration are as follows:
(1) The debtor unit shall, within 15 days after a contract on
borrowing is signed, go through the procedures for the registration of
external debts by submitting a duplicate copy of the contract and the
document of approval for the borrowing (such a document of approval is not
necessary for foreign investment enterprises) at the registering
department, and receive a Registration Certificate for case-by-case
registration.
(2) When the borrowed funds are transferred into Chinese territories,
the debtor unit shall, with the remittance instruction and the
Registration Certificate, open a special account for external debts at the
account-opening bank, and go through the procedures for entering the item
into the account.
(3) When due repayment of principal and payment of interest are to be
made, the debtor unit shall, by submitting the Registration Certificate
and the instruction on repaying the principal and paying the interest, get
a document approving the repayment of principal and payment of interest
from the registering department in advance, and go through necessary
procedures at the account-opening bank for the repayment of principal and
payment of interest to be remitted out of the special account for external
debts by submitting the document of approval and the Registration
Certificate to the bank.
(4) After receipts and disbursements are handled and the procedures
for opening an account are implemented, the debtor unit shall fill in the
Form of Feedback in accordance with the instruments of receipts and
disbursements issued by the account-opening bank, and file the following
day the Form of Feedback and a duplicate copy of the certificate of
deposit with the registering department.

(5) A unit incurring a debt in the form of not being transferred into
China, from which no cash in foreign exchange is moved in but for which
repayment of principal and payment of interest are to be remitted out of
China, shall, after the debt has occurred, fill in a Form of Feedback,
and send by mail the following day a duplicate copy of the Form of
Feedback to registering department. When due repayment of principle and
payment of interest are to be made, the debtor unit shall, with the
documents of endorsement by the registration department, go the opening
bank to open a Special Foreign Currency Account for Repayment of Principal
and Payment of Interest Relating to External Debts (herein-after referred
to as special account for the repayment of principal and payment of
interest) with the account-opening bank, and go through necessary
procedures for the remitting of the repayment of principal and payment of
interest.
(6) A unit which deposits the borrowed money outside of Chinese
territories with approval from the State Administration of Exchange
Control or its branch offices shall, through the Form of Feedback, report
to the original registering department on the alterations of the deposit
in each month.
(7) No other accounts are required to be opened when domestic
institutions borrow money from foreign or Chinese-foreign joint venture
banks operating in China, but the domestic institutions shall go through
the procedures for registration and submit the monthly Form of Feedback as
is required by relevant regulations.
(8) When it is necessary for a debtor unit which has received a
Registration Certificate in its own locality to go through the procedures
for opening an account and making repayment of principal and payment of
interest at a bank in another locality, the debtor unit shall, by
submitting the Registration Certificate issued by the registering
department in its own locality, go through the procedures for approving
the repayment of principal and payment of interest as the registering
department in the other locality shall, 3 days after the procedures are
handled, file the duplicate copies of disbursements with the original
registering department.
Article 7
After the last repayment of principal and payment of interest are made
for the debt recorded in the Registration Certificate, the account-opening
bank shall immediately cancel the Special Account for the Repayment of
Principal and Payment of Interest related to the Registration Certificate.
The debtor unit shall return the Registration Certificate within 15 days
to the registering department for cancellation.

Article 8
An account-opening bank shall meet the following requirements:
(1) It must be a domestic bank which has been approved to deal in
foreign exchange;
(2) It can cooperate closely with the registering department in the
supervision over external debts.
The State Administration of Exchange Control and its branch offices
shall appoint account-opening banks in line with the requirements of
business.
Article 9
An account-opening bank shall fulfil the following obligations:
(1) Supervising the use of the accounts. The bank shall ensure that
funds in foreign exchange remitted into the Special Account for External
Debts and the Special Account for the Repayment of Principal and Payment
of Interest are only the funds recorded in the Registration Certificate,
and that funds in foreign exchange deposited in the accounts or
transferred from other accounts can only be used to pay for the equipment
and labour service of the project related to the debt, for the repayment
of principal and payment of interest, or for other usage which has been
approved by the registering department;
(2) Handling the transferring in and repaying of the debts in line
with the Registration Certificate and the document of approval, and filing
the instruments of receipts and disbursements with the registering
department the following day after the procedures are handled;
(3) Supervising external debts under case-by-case registration to
ensure that the transferring in of the loans and the repayment of
principal and payment of interest all go through the Special Account for
External Debts and Special Account for the Repayment of Principal and
Payment of Interest.
Article 10
In the event of any one of the following acts of violating these
Rules, the local administration of exchange control may impose a fine in
RMB on the party concerned, with the amount equivalent to not more than 3
percent of the external debt involved:
(1) Intentionally not to go through or to put off the handling of
procedures for the registration of external debts;
(2) Refusing to submit, or making false registration in, or at least
twice delaying the submission of the Form of Feedback to the
administration of exchange control;
(3) Foreign or altering the Registration Certificate;
(4) The fine shall be imposed on both the debtor and the account for
External Debts or a Special Account for the Repayment of Principal and
Payment of Interest is opened or retained without permission, or when the
repayment of principal and payment of interest are not made out of the
Special Account for the Repayment of Principal and Payment of Interest.

Article 11
The right to interpret these Rules resides in the State Administration
of Exchange Control.
Article 12
These Rules shall go into effect on the day of their promulgation.



1989年11月10日

宣城市招标投标管理办法

安徽省宣城市人民政府


关于印发《宣城市招标投标管理办法》的通知

宣政〔2011〕17号


各县、市、区人民政府,市政府各部门、各直属机构:
《宣城市招标投标管理暂行办法(修订)》(宣政〔2008〕10号)经过三年的实践,原定的相关条文已不适应招投标工作。为进一步加强全市招标投标市场管理工作,现将修订后的《宣城市招标投标管理办法》印发给你们,请遵照执行。


二○一一年三月一日


宣城市招标投标管理办法


第一条 为加强和完善招标投标市场管理,规范招标投标行为,提高工作效率,节约资金,从源头上防止腐败,根据有关法律法规,结合本市实际,制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于在市招投标中心进行的招标投标、拍卖、竞价等(以下统称招投标)各类交易活动及对交易活动的管理。
第三条 市招投标市场管理委员会,负责研究全市招投标工作的方针、政策,组织协调建设工程项目交易、土地交易、政府采购、产权交易等重大交易事项。每半年听取一次招管办工作汇报。
第四条 市招标投标市场管理委员会办公室(以下简称市招管办)是招管委的日常办事机构。其主要职责是:
(一)负责拟定市政府出台的招投标工作规范性文件,并监督相关部门组织实施;
(二)负责对各行业招标投标管理部门履行职能情况进行监督、检查,发现问题及时纠正或处理;
(三)指导、协调、监督全市招标投标工作;
(四)负责向市招投标管理委员会报告全市招标投标工作的重大情况,并提出合理化建议,为领导决策提供必要的法律法规依据。
第五条 市招标投标中心作为全市统一的招标投标交易平台,负责具体交易的运作,依法设立招标代理处,具体承担政府投资的建设项目、政府采购项目的招标代理。主要职责是:
(一)负责组织开展市本级(含市经济技术开发区)建设工程项目、产权交易、政府采购,以及市区土地出让等招标投标交易工作,并实施政府投资的建设工程、政府采购项目招标代理工作;
(二)依法受理和发布招标采购拍卖等交易信息;
(三)负责收集和发布有关招标采购拍卖政策法规,拟定招标采购拍卖交易工作制度、流程和办法,并组织实施;
(四)负责使用综合评标专家库,建立投标供应商、中介机构等库,并实行动态管理;
(五)负责提供交易场所及法律法规政策、技术咨询等相关服务,维护正常交易秩序;
(六)按规定收取有关交易费用,实行“收支两条线”,代收代退投标和低价风险保证金;
(七)负责对招标采购拍卖交易各方、中介机构进场交易资格进行核验;
(八)配合监察部门和各行业主管部门对招标采购拍卖交易活动中产生的争议、纠纷的调查、协调和处理;
(九)指导、协调县市区招投标业务工作;
(十)接受市招投标市场管理委员会及办公室的指导和监督,完成市委、政府交办的其它工作和任务。
第六条 市本级(含经济技术开发区)范围内的下列招投标活动,必须在市招投标中心进行:
(一)依法必须招标的新建、改建、扩建建设工程项目(含房屋、水利、交通、公路、市政、园林、信息、装饰装修、人防、供电、供水、供气、供热、管线敷设等领域)的勘察、设计、施工、监理单位的选定以及与项目有关的重要设备和材料等的采购,建设工程项目的分包活动;
(二)各类政府集中采购的项目;
(三)国有、集体产权、股权转让;
(四)市区经营性土地使用权和工业用地使用权的招标、拍卖、挂牌,矿产资源勘探、开采权的出让;
(五)大型户外商业广告经营权、路桥冠名权、特种行业经营权、城市占道经营权的出让;
(六)公共债权、银行抵押权的转让,司法机关和行政执法部门罚没财物的拍卖,国有及国有控股企业破产财产的拍卖,车辆号牌拍卖;
(七)机关及事业单位的房屋租赁;
(八)全部使用财政性资金或以财政性资金为主的项目规划编制以及工程咨询、评估、招标代理等中介服务机构的招标选定;
(九)农业综合开发、科技创新、高新技术产业化等财政性资金项目的项目单位的选定;采用BT、BOT等融资方式工程建设项目的项目单位的选定;
(十)全部使用国有资金或以国有资金为主的限额以下小型建设工程项目的设计、施工、监理单位的选定以及与项目有关的重要设备和材料等的采购;
(十一)其他依法必须招标的国有资产和社会公共资源交易事项。
前款所称招投标活动包括交易方式核准、信息发布、报名受理、资格审查、交易文件发布(售)、评标委员会组建、开标、评标等内容。
任何单位和个人不得将依法必须招标的项目化整为零或者以其他任何方式规避招标。
第七条 市招管办应当建立公共资源交易活动相关各方及从业人员信用管理及披露制度。
第八条 应当招标的公共资源项目,政府各职能部门应当在项目立项批准、土地出让方案批复、政府采购预算实施计划批复、国有(集体)产权转让行为批准的同时,将批复的有关文件抄送市招管办。
第九条 市监察机关在招投标中心设立监察室,负责组织各有关行政部门对招投标活动实施全过程监督。
第十条 市招投标中心按下列程序办理政府投资的建设工程项目招投标事项:
(一)与招标人签订委托代理协议;
(二)造价咨询库会员单位负责编制工程量清单和招标控制价,招标代理处组织招标人、审计、财政等部门联合审核。招标文件经招标人确认后报市招管办备案;
(三)发布招标公告;
(四)现场接受投标人报名材料;
(五)审查投标人资格,发售招标文件;
(六)答疑;
(七)接收投标和低价风险保证金;
(八)组织开标、评标;
(九)发布中标公示,签发中标通知书;
(十)返还投标和低价风险保证金。
非政府投资的建设工程项目由招标人决定招标组织形式,可参照上述程序办理,招标文件到有关行政部门备案。
第十一条 任何单位和个人不得以不合理条件限制或者排斥潜在的法人、自然人或者其他组织参加交易。全部使用国有资金或以国有资金为主的项目,招标人要求变更招标采购方式的,必须到市招管办履行审批手续。
第十二条 政府投资的建设工程项目实行合理低价中标,政府采购通用货物、设备等项目实行有效最低价中标,出让项目和租赁类项目实行有效最高价中标。
第十三条 公开招标项目的信息除按国家和省指定的媒体发布外,还应同时在市招投标中心网站发布。评标结果必须在市招投标中心网站进行公示。招标人须按照评标委员会出具的评标报告中推荐的中标候选人排序确定中标人,并按规定与中标人签定合同。合同的订立及变更应当在5日内报市招管办备案。
政府投资的重大项目在签订合同前,市招管办应当组织相关单位与中标人进行约谈。
第十四条 中标人在与招标人签订合同前应向招标人出具金融机构提供的履约保函、低价风险保函或者履约保证金等。
第十五条 政府采购合同履约后,财政部门根据市招投标中心出具的支付通知,办理财政性资金支付手续。
第十六条 违反本办法第六条规定,应当进入市招投标中心交易而未进入的,有关部门不得为其办理行政许可、资金拨付、产权过户和使用等手续。
第十七条 单位或个人违反建设工程、政府采购、土地产权交易等招标投标法律法规规定的,应当予以行政处罚。
第十八条 招标单位工作人员、市招投标中心工作人员、有关管理部门工作人员在招投标活动中徇私舞弊、滥用职权、索贿受贿的,由监察机关按照有关规定予以行政处分;构成犯罪的,移送司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第十九条 本办法所称招标人,包括建设项目交易中提出招标项目、进行招标的法人或者其他组织、政府采购交易活动中的采购人、土地交易活动中的土地出让人、产权交易活动中的产权转让人。
第二十条 本办法自2011年3月1日起施行。